Epoch AI: Database of AI Models (Training Compute, Parameters, and Trends)

Data on AI Models | Epoch AI 

 
 
 

 

 

 
 Updated Mar. 13, 2026 AI Models

 Our comprehensive database of over 3200 models tracks key factors driving machine learning progress.

 Download this data Notable AI models Frontier AI models Large-scale AI models All AI models 
 
 
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 Y Axis Training compute (FLOP) Training compute (FLOP) Parameters Training dataset size (total) Training compute cost (2023 USD) Training time (days) Training power draw (W) 
 
 
 Training compute (FLOP) 
 
 
 
 Parameters 
 
 
 
 Training dataset size (total) 
 
 
 
 Training compute cost (2023 USD) 
 
 
 
 Training time (days) 
 
 
 
 Training power draw (W) 
 
 
 
 X Axis Publication date Publication date Training compute (FLOP) Parameters Training dataset size (total) Training compute cost (2023 USD) Training time (days) Training power draw (W) 
 
 
 Publication date 
 
 
 
 Training compute (FLOP) 
 
 
 
 Parameters 
 
 
 
 Training dataset size (total) 
 
 
 
 Training compute cost (2023 USD) 
 
 
 
 Training time (days) 
 
 
 
 Training power draw (W) 
 
 
 
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 Documentation Downloads Citations FAQ Documentation

 Models in this dataset have been collected from various sources, including literature reviews, Papers With Code, historical accounts, highly-cited publications, proceedings of top conferences, and suggestions from individuals. The list of models is non-exhaustive, but aims to cover most models that were state-of-the-art when released, have over 1000 citations, one million monthly active users, or an equivalent level of historical significance. Additional information about our approach to measuring parameter counts, dataset size, and training compute can be found in the accompanying documentation.

 Read the complete documentation Frequently asked questions

 What is a notable model? 
 
 
 

 A notable model meets any of the following criteria: (i) state-of-the-art improvement on a recognized benchmark; (ii) highly cited (over 1000 citations); (iii) historical relevance; (iv) significant use.

 How was the AI Models dataset created? 
 
 
 

 The dataset was originally created for the report “Compute Trends Across Three Eras of Machine Learning” and has continually grown and expanded since then.

 What are notable, frontier, and large-scale models? 
 
 
 

 We flag models as notable if they advanced the state of the art, achieved many citations in an academic publication, had over a million monthly users, were highly significant historically, or were developed at a cost of over one million dollars. You can learn more about these notability criteria by reading our AI Models Documentation .

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