MacArthur Foundation

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title: MacArthur Foundation
description: Major American private foundation with $9 billion endowment supporting work on climate, criminal justice, nuclear threats, and journalism. Known for 'genius grants' and impact investing.
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## Quick Assessment

| Dimension | Assessment |
|-----------|------------|
| **Type** | Private philanthropic foundation |
| **Founded** | 1970 (legally); became operational 1978 |
| **Endowment** | \$9 billion (2025)[^1] |
| **Annual Giving** | Hundreds of millions; \$352.9 million (2024)[^2] |
| **Total Grants** | Over \$8.27 billion since 1978[^3] |
| **Key Programs** | Big Bets (Climate, Criminal Justice), MacArthur Fellows, 100&Change, Field Support |
| **Geographic Focus** | U.S., India, Nigeria, Mexico, Russia; ≈117 countries total[^4] |
| **Primary Areas** | Climate change, criminal justice reform, nuclear threats, journalism, Chicago local needs |

## Key Links

| Source | Link |
|--------|------|
| Official Website | [macfound.org](https://www.macfound.org) |
| Wikipedia | [en.wikipedia.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation) |
| Wikidata | [wikidata.org](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6720742) |

## Overview

The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation is one of the largest private foundations in the United States, with an endowment of \$9 billion as of 2025.[^5] Established legally in 1970 but becoming operational after founder John D. MacArthur's death in 1978, the foundation has awarded more than \$8.27 billion in grants and impact investments across the United States and approximately 117 countries.[^6]

The foundation's stated purpose is to support "creative people, effective institutions, and influential networks building a more just, verdant, and peaceful world."[^7] Its current grantmaking priorities center on "Big Bets" addressing climate change, criminal justice reform, nuclear threats, and nonprofit journalism, alongside "Enduring Commitments" to racial equity in Chicago and U.S. journalism.[^8] The foundation is perhaps best known publicly for its MacArthur Fellows Program, which awards unrestricted \$800,000 "genius grants" to exceptional individuals.[^9]

MacArthur operates through four main divisions: International Programs, U.S. Programs, Media/Culture/Special Initiatives, and the MacArthur Fellows Program.[^10] With headquarters in Chicago's Marquette Building and offices in India, Mexico, Nigeria, and Russia, the foundation has evolved from its founder's deliberately vague mandate into a major funder of progressive social change initiatives, though this evolution has generated ongoing controversy about donor intent and political bias.[^11]

## History

### Founding and Initial Structure

John D. MacArthur (1897–1978) built his fortune through the insurance industry, acquiring Bankers Life and Casualty Company in 1935 for \$2,500 after borrowing the money and growing it to over \$1 billion in assets by 1977.[^12] Unlike many wealthy businessmen who established foundations during their lifetimes with clear programmatic visions, MacArthur created his foundation in 1970 at the suggestion of his attorney William T. Kirby and chief financial officer Paul Doolen, drafting a notably concise two-page legal document in plain language.[^13]

MacArthur deliberately chose not to direct the foundation's grantmaking, famously telling his initial board: "I made the money; you guys will have to figure out what to do with it."[^14] The original six-member board included his wife Catherine T. MacArthur, Kirby, his son J. Roderick MacArthur (from his first marriage), radio commentator Paul Harvey, business associate Louis Feil, and two Bankers Life executives.[^15]

When John MacArthur died from cancer on January 6, 1978—at the time one of the three wealthiest men in America with a net worth exceeding \$1 billion—he bequeathed 92 percent of his estate (approximately \$700 million to \$1 billion in assets) to activate the foundation.[^16] The foundation made its first two grants of \$50,000 each to Amnesty International and the California League of Cities.[^17]

### Early Ideological Tensions (1978-1981)

The foundation's early years were marked by significant internal conflict over its ideological direction. John MacArthur, described as a conservative Republican, had initially staffed the board with right-of-center members including former Nixon Treasury Secretary William Simon and business executives from his insurance companies.[^18] However, his son J. Roderick MacArthur held left-leaning political views and used his board position to appoint progressive members.

By 1981, this tension had resulted in the resignation of nearly all right-of-center board members except Paul Harvey, fundamentally shifting the foundation's ideological orientation.[^19] Between 1979 and 1981, Roderick MacArthur sued eight board members accusing them of mismanagement of foundation funds; all cases were dismissed for lack of merit.[^20] Notable additions to the board during this period included Jonas Salk, inventor of the polio vaccine, who joined in 1979.[^21]

In 1984, the board successfully sold Bankers Life and Casualty Company to ICH Corp. for \$482 million, completing the required divestment of the active business and allowing full focus on philanthropic work.[^22]

### Evolution of Programs and Strategy

The foundation's first president, John E. Corbally (1979–1989), worked with colleagues James Furman and William Kirby to shape early programs including the MacArthur Fellows, public radio support, peace and security initiatives, mental health, and environmental work.[^23] The Fellows Program was launched in 1981 under Roderick MacArthur's influence, awarding unconventional thinkers in science and the arts despite immediate criticism for selecting already-established figures.[^24]

Subsequent presidents continued to evolve the foundation's approach:

- **Adele Simmons (1989–1999)**, the first female dean at Princeton University, led the foundation through a period of expansion.[^25]
- **Jonathan Fanton (post-1999)** deepened investments in human rights, international justice, juvenile justice, affordable housing, and community development while shifting toward fewer but larger grants with longer funding periods.[^26]
- **Julia Stasch** introduced the "Big Bets" framework for transformative change and created the New Communities Program in partnership with the Chicago housing authority for 16 low-income neighborhoods.[^27]

In 1997, the Board adopted a new program structure prioritizing large-scale initiatives like Health, Fellows, and Special Grants, moving away from more diffuse grantmaking.[^28] Major initiatives from this period included:

- 1991: Support for Chicago community policing partnerships
- 1992: Post-Cold War initiative to bolster Russia's academic and scientific infrastructure
- 1994: Opening of offices in India and Nigeria
- 2000s: Support for the Encyclopedia of Life, Law/Neuroscience Project, anti-shock garment research against postpartum hemorrhage[^29]

### Recent Strategic Direction (2016-Present)

The foundation launched its **100&Change** competition in 2016, awarding a single \$100 million grant in December 2017 to the Sesame Workshop and International Rescue Committee for refugee education in the Middle East, selected from nearly 2,000 proposals.[^30] This initiative reflected a growing emphasis on concentrated, high-impact grantmaking.

By 2024-2025, the foundation's strategic focus has crystallized around:

- **Big Bets** on time-limited, transformative investments (Climate Solutions concluding 2026; Criminal Justice ending 2025)[^31]
- **Enduring Commitments** to racial equity in Chicago and U.S. journalism/media
- **Field Support** for philanthropic infrastructure, particularly in the U.S., Nigeria, and India
- **New Work** initiatives exploring innovative areas, with Local News launched as the first new program in 2024[^32]

In response to 2025 federal funding cuts affecting nonprofit grantees, President John Palfrey announced the foundation would increase giving to at least 6% of its endowment annually over two years, citing an "unprecedented crisis" in the sector.[^33]

## Financial Overview

### Assets and Investment Performance

As of December 31, 2024, the MacArthur Foundation's total assets stood at \$9.2 billion, though alternative reports cite \$9.31 billion for the same period.[^34] The foundation is funded solely by endowment investments with no government funding.[^35] Its 2024 portfolio returned 12.25% net of costs.[^36]

Historical asset growth has been substantial:
- \$1 billion initial endowment (1978)
- \$5.70 billion (2011)
- \$7 billion (2008)
- \$9.4 billion peak (2021)
- \$8.3 billion (2023)
- \$9.2 billion (2024)[^37]

The foundation has been a pioneer in impact investing since 1983. As of December 31, 2024, it had authorized up to \$500 million for impact investments, with \$390.5 million committed (47% loans, 35% private equity, 18% guarantees).[^38] Program-related investments totaled \$188 million in 2021 and \$171.5 million in 2022.[^39]

### Grantmaking Scale and Distribution

The foundation has awarded more than \$8 billion in grants and impact investments since 1978.[^40] Recent annual disbursements include:

| Year | Grants Authorized | Charitable Disbursements | % of Expenses |
|------|-------------------|-------------------------|---------------|
| 2024 | — | \$373.8 million | >100% |
| 2023 | \$333.4 million | \$392 million | 70.1% |
| 2022 | \$191.2 million | \$255 million | 99.5% |

The 2024 payout totaled \$352.9 million.[^41]

Grant sizes range from \$10,000 to tens of millions, with the majority falling between \$50,000 and \$850,000.[^42] Notable large grants include the \$100 million 100&Change award (2017), \$50 million for rental housing preservation (2003), and \$67 million for the MacArthur Award for Creative & Effective Institutions program (2006-2016).[^43]

### Operating Expenses and Compensation

Administrative and operating support expenses totaled \$69.1 million in 2023 and \$64.0 million in 2022.[^44] Officer compensation was \$4.79 million in 2024 (1.8% of expenses), up from \$4.24 million the prior year (0.8%).[^45]

In the 1990s, Chicago Alderman Edward M. Burke criticized the foundation for "excessive" salaries and overhead, demanding an Illinois Attorney General investigation and urging more spending on "needy causes," though no public findings were reported.[^46]

## Grantmaking Programs

### Big Bets

The foundation's "Big Bets" strategy focuses on time-limited, transformative investments addressing urgent global challenges. Current and recent Big Bets include:

- **Climate Solutions** (concluding 2026): Multi-year commitments to mitigate climate change
- **Criminal Justice** (ending 2025): Efforts to reduce jail populations and reform the criminal justice system
- **Nuclear Threats**: Work to decrease nuclear risks globally
- **Nigeria Development**: Anti-corruption and accountability initiatives[^47]

These programs represent multi-year, concentrated funding efforts designed to achieve systemic change rather than incremental improvements.[^48]

### MacArthur Fellows Program

The Fellows Program awards unrestricted \$800,000 grants (increased from earlier \$500,000) paid over five years to individuals demonstrating exceptional creativity and potential.[^49] Launched in 1981, the program has become the foundation's most recognizable initiative despite being its smallest division by budget.[^50]

The program has faced persistent criticism. Recipients have reported negative effects including overwhelming publicity (unwanted solicitations from financial advisers and salespeople), increased expectations from colleagues, and career disruption. Notably, writer James McPherson, who received a \$192,000 grant, published no further short stories afterward, lost custody of his child, and called the award "an extra dose of misery."[^51] Injury expert Andrew McGuire, receiving a 1985 fellowship, likened the end of payments to "going off heroin."[^52]

Critics have also accused the program of political bias favoring liberal to left-leaning recipients, despite founder John MacArthur's conservative Republican views. In 1995, columnist John Leo criticized the cohort for feminist slant, highlighting musicologist Susan McClary's controversial interpretation of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony as a "tonal rape fantasy."[^53] Program directors have included Kenneth Hope (1982-1992), who funded some political projects; Catharine Stimpson (1992-1996), whose tenure was marked by controversy over race-and-gender politics; Daniel Socolow (1997-2013), who ended political grants; and Cecilia Conrad (recent), accused of resuming left-leaning funding.[^54]

### 100&Change Competition

Launched in 2016, 100&Change awards a single \$100 million grant through an open competition to fund a proposal with real potential to solve a critical problem.[^55] The inaugural 2017 award went jointly to Sesame Workshop and the International Rescue Committee for educating Middle Eastern refugee children, selected from nearly 2,000 proposals.[^56] The competition led to the creation of Levers for Change to support similar donor competitions.[^57]

### Enduring Commitments and Field Support

The foundation maintains long-term commitments to:

- **Racial Equity in Chicago**: 2024 grants totaled \$69 million across 150 grants and impact investments, including a \$3.25 million partnership with the Field Foundation (since 2019) providing \$25,000 each to 65 leaders and their organizations with no-strings-attached support.[^58]
- **U.S. Journalism and Media**: Support for independent media ecosystems, investigative journalism, and public media infrastructure facing federal funding cuts in 2025.[^59]

Field Support targets philanthropic infrastructure, equity in the sector, research and communication among funders and nonprofits, and nonprofit capacity-building, with a focus on the U.S., Nigeria, and India.[^60] As of June 2025, the foundation was not accepting unsolicited U.S. proposals for this area.[^61]

## Research and Policy Work

The MacArthur Foundation has historically supported interdisciplinary **research networks** functioning as "research institutions without walls," focusing on human and community development, policy-relevant empirical questions, and social issues.[^62] During its first two decades, these networks clustered in areas like human development, mental illness, parasite biology, and economics.

Key research initiatives have included:

- **Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods** (1990-2005)
- **Depression and Primary Care** (1995-2006)
- **Family and the Economy** (1997-2005)
- **Economic Inequality and Social Interactions** (1995-2005)
- **MacArthur Research Network on Opening Governance** (2013-2016): Initial \$5 million grant to NYU's Governance Lab, producing blueprints for democratic institutions, U.S. population/mortality projections, and an aging society adaptation index[^63]

Policy research efforts include:

- **Benefit-Cost Analysis in Social Policy** (2006-2016): 59 grants totaling \$43 million to increase research, standards, and policymaker demand for evidence-based policymaking[^64]
- **Institutional Support** (1995-2016): 425 grants totaling \$214 million to key organizations including Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, and Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law (nearly \$45 million from 2004-2016)[^65]
- **Research Universities and the Future of America**: Support for a National Academy of Sciences report with ten recommendations for funding, productivity, and career pathways in higher education[^66]

## Technology and AI Governance

While not focused on existential AI risks, the MacArthur Foundation supports AI safety through governance, accountability, and oversight initiatives emphasizing democratic values and public interest safeguards.[^67]

The foundation's **Technology in the Public Interest Program** aims to strengthen democratic oversight of AI through evaluation, auditing, and accountability mechanisms. It supports AI laws, policies, and regulations; builds networks in high-stakes sectors like healthcare, education, and finance; and embeds responsible practices and human rights protections.[^68]

In 2025, MacArthur committed to the **Humanity AI Coalition**, a \$500 million initiative for people-centered AI including security standards for driverless cars and automated decisions designed to protect safety without compromising innovation.[^69]

Key grantees include:

- **Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (PAI)**: General operating support for programs including Safety Critical AI, Fair/Transparent/Accountable AI, and AI & Media Integrity[^70]
- **Brennan Center**: Work on oversight, transparency, and accountability for AI in domestic national security; examination of AI industry influence on U.S. government[^71]
- **Institute for Security and Technology**: \$400,000 for LLM risk mitigation[^72]
- **Tech Policy Press**: Analysis of AI geopolitics[^73]

MacArthur has funded civil society AI work longer and more substantially than European counterparts, according to a 2023 landscape review.[^74] The foundation's approach focuses on near-term governance challenges—security, human rights, national security risks, and societal harms—rather than long-term existential threats emphasized by organizations like <EntityLink id="E202">MIRI</EntityLink> or the AI Safety Fund backed by technology firms.

## Impact and Effectiveness

### Catalytic Capital and Leverage

The foundation's impact investing strategy emphasizes catalytic capital that mobilizes additional funding beyond direct grants. Its \$128.5 million in committed impact investments has mobilized between \$1.4 billion and \$3.1 billion in additional capital from other sources.[^75] Notable examples include a \$25 million guarantee in 2023 that catalyzed a \$1.1 billion SDG Loan Fund.[^76]

The foundation tracks people-centered metrics like job creation and housing stability for individual investments. For instance, across several example investments, the foundation reports creation of 520 jobs, though it does not provide aggregated portfolio-wide metrics.[^77]

### Institutional Strengthening

The **MacArthur Award for Creative & Effective Institutions (MACEI)** program (2006-2016) awarded 102 grants totaling \$67 million to exceptional NGOs for infrastructure improvements, financial security, capacity building, and credibility enhancement.[^78] An evaluation covering 2006-2013 confirmed long-term operational and programmatic effects, with recipients gaining public attention, resource opportunities, and peer networks through foundation convenings.[^79] The program was discontinued after 2016, but its lessons informed current grantmaking approaches like the Chicago Commitment.

### Historical Contributions

MacArthur credits its nuclear security grantmaking with helping inspire institutions like Stanford's Center for International Security and Harvard's Belfer Center, and contributing to the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program that dismantled weapons in the former Soviet Union.[^80] The foundation supported early growth of Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs) in the 1980s-1990s, when many had less than \$10 million in assets.[^81]

### Scale Factors

Foundation leadership has identified three keys to achieving impact at scale:

1. **Relevance**: Bold objectives addressing urgent problems
2. **Resilience**: Willingness to iterate and adapt (e.g., decades-long CDFI support)
3. **Resolve**: Long-term flexible capital sustained over many years[^82]

Over 40 years, the foundation claims to have fueled social and environmental change across 117 countries.[^83]

## Criticisms and Controversies

### Ideological Bias and Political Orientation

The MacArthur Foundation has faced sustained criticism for left-leaning grantmaking that critics argue violates the conservative Republican founder's likely intentions. Thomas Frank wrote in 2014 that the foundation represents a "doctrine of saintly imitation," rewarding moral worthiness over achievement and raising questions about tax advantages for ideologically captured foundations.[^84]

Specific examples of allegedly biased funding include:
- Arms control organizations: Federation of American Scientists (\$2.5 million, 2001-2004) and Union of Concerned Scientists (\$1.4 million, 2001-2004), dwarfing support for conservative causes[^85]
- Left-leaning organizations: Planned Parenthood and ProPublica (over \$5 million since 1987)[^86]
- Death penalty opposition: The foundation celebrated the 2005 Supreme Court ruling limiting capital punishment[^87]

Conservative critics have characterized the foundation as having "gone astray" from its capitalist origins, joining other foundations like Ford, Rockefeller, and Pew in disparaging the sources of their wealth.[^88]

### Failed Housing Initiatives

The foundation has been criticized for supporting failed federal housing policies:

- **CDBG (Community Development Block Grants)**: Funded projects like revitalizing shopping malls in California, building parking lots in New York, with funds flowing disproportionately to wealthy areas[^89]
- **HOPE VI**: Built low-income housing in polluted areas near factories, reinforcing segregation rather than alleviating it[^90]
- **New Communities Program**: Foundation's \$50 million rental housing preservation effort (2003) was viewed as tying poor people to the welfare state through below-market loans to landlords[^91]

In Chicago, the Local Initiatives Support Corp. (LISC) handled preliminary screening of foundation grants, leading to complaints of political bias due to ties to Mayor Richard Daley's office potentially vetoing proposals from the mayor's opponents.[^92]

In 2015, the Black Star Project demanded the foundation allocate \$100 million from its \$7 billion in assets to Chicago entrepreneurship, jobs, after-school activities, violence reduction, and black empowerment, accusing the foundation of ignoring crucial issues and practicing "modern day redlining" by funding few black-led organizations.[^93] The foundation responded by listing funded causes but did not directly address the black-led organizations concern.

### MacArthur Fellows Program Failures

Beyond ideological concerns, the Fellows Program has been criticized as a "philanthropic mistake" for rarely changing recipients' trajectories and having little measurable impact on science or culture.[^94] The program has shifted from its original vision of liberating "American Einsteins" to what critics describe as "culturally faddish, self-congratulatory awards."[^95]

Rod MacArthur's early vision to make the Fellows Program the foundation's only initiative failed.[^96] By the 2010s, concerns about the program led to plans to alter support for scientists, who are typically well-funded elsewhere and work in teams rather than as isolated individuals.[^97]

### Grant Practice Issues

In 2018, the foundation participated in the True Cost Project pilot that revealed insufficient indirect cost rates (typically 15-20%) harm grantees, especially women-, LGBTQ-, and people of color-led organizations.[^98] While MacArthur provides the Center for Financial Wellness a 29% indirect rate near its 33% need, foundation staff acknowledged the process is too time-consuming and expensive.[^99]

The San Francisco District Attorney's office accused the foundation of treating it like "sharecroppers" in funding arrangements, highlighting tensions in funding government programs.[^100]

## Relationship to Effective Altruism

The MacArthur Foundation does not appear in substantive discussions on the Effective Altruism Forum or LessWrong as of early 2026, despite its scale and longevity. This absence may reflect differences in cause prioritization—EA tends to emphasize existential risks, global health interventions with strong evidence of cost-effectiveness, and long-term future outcomes, while MacArthur focuses on criminal justice reform, climate solutions, journalism, and U.S. domestic issues.

MacArthur's pioneering role in impact investing and large-scale competitions like 100&Change align with EA values of maximizing impact and rigorous evaluation.[^101] However, its historical evolution toward progressive social change and emphasis on democratic values, human rights, and equity differ from EA's more utilitarian, evidence-focused, and sometimes contrarian approach to cause selection.

The foundation has funded AI governance work longer and more substantially than European counterparts, but its focus on democratic oversight and near-term harms contrasts with EA-aligned organizations' emphasis on existential risks from advanced AI systems.[^102] No grants to explicitly EA-aligned organizations like <EntityLink id="E552">Coefficient Giving</EntityLink>, <EntityLink id="E202">MIRI</EntityLink>, or <EntityLink id="E517">Centre for Effective Altruism</EntityLink> appear in available research.

## Key Uncertainties

1. **Strategic Impact of Big Bets**: As Climate Solutions and Criminal Justice programs conclude in 2026 and 2025 respectively, whether these concentrated investments achieve their transformative goals remains unclear. The foundation's shift away from completed Big Bets rather than reinstating them suggests learning-based evolution, but public evaluations of effectiveness are limited.

2. **Donor Intent Alignment**: Whether the foundation's current progressive orientation aligns with founder John D. MacArthur's intentions remains contested. MacArthur deliberately avoided specifying programmatic direction, but his conservative Republican politics and business background contrast sharply with the foundation's current grantmaking priorities.

3. **Fellows Program Long-Term Value**: Despite five decades of operation and high public profile, evidence of the Fellows Program's net impact on scientific progress, artistic achievement, or social change remains ambiguous. Negative effects on some recipients and persistent criticism raise questions about whether the program's benefits justify its costs and prominence.

4. **Catalytic Capital Measurement**: While the foundation reports that \$128.5 million mobilized \$1.4-3.1 billion in additional capital, the wide range and lack of attribution methodology make it difficult to assess actual leverage effects. The foundation does not provide aggregated portfolio-wide impact metrics beyond selected examples.

5. **2025 Funding Increase Sustainability**: President John Palfrey's commitment to increase giving to at least 6% of endowment annually in response to 2025 federal cuts represents a significant policy shift. Whether this temporary increase becomes permanent and how it affects long-term endowment preservation remains to be seen.

## Sources

[^1]: [Wikipedia - MacArthur Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation)
[^2]: [MacArthur Foundation - Financials](https://www.macfound.org/about/financials/)
[^3]: [MacArthur Foundation - FAQs](https://www.macfound.org/about/frequently-asked-questions)
[^4]: [MacArthur Foundation - FAQs](https://www.macfound.org/about/frequently-asked-questions)
[^5]: [Wikipedia - MacArthur Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation)
[^6]: [MacArthur Foundation - Our History](https://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/)
[^7]: [MacArthur Foundation - Our History](https://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/)
[^8]: [MacArthur Foundation - Programs](https://www.macfound.org/programs/)
[^9]: [MacArthur Foundation - Fellows Program](https://www.macfound.org/programs/awards/fellows/)
[^10]: [Britannica - MacArthur Foundation](https://www.britannica.com/topic/MacArthur-Foundation)
[^11]: [InfluenceWatch - MacArthur Foundation](https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/john-d-and-catherine-t-macarthur-foundation/)
[^12]: [MacArthur Foundation - About the MacArthurs](https://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/about-the-macarthurs)
[^13]: [Daryl Alberca - MacArthur Foundation](https://darylalberca.wordpress.com/john-d-and-catherine-t-macarthur-foundation/)
[^14]: [MacArthur Foundation - Our History](https://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/)
[^15]: [InfluenceWatch - MacArthur Foundation](https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/john-d-and-catherine-t-macarthur-foundation/)
[^16]: [Wikipedia - MacArthur Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation)
[^17]: [MacArthur Foundation - Our History](https://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/)
[^18]: [InfluenceWatch - MacArthur Foundation](https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/john-d-and-catherine-t-macarthur-foundation/)
[^19]: [InfluenceWatch - MacArthur Foundation](https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/john-d-and-catherine-t-macarthur-foundation/)
[^20]: [Wikipedia - MacArthur Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation)
[^21]: [Wikipedia - MacArthur Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation)
[^22]: [Encyclopedia.com - MacArthur Foundation](https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/john-d-and-catherine-t-macarthur-foundation)
[^23]: [MacArthur Foundation - Our History](https://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/)
[^24]: [InfluenceWatch - MacArthur Foundation](https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/john-d-and-catherine-t-macarthur-foundation/)
[^25]: [Wikipedia - MacArthur Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation)
[^26]: [MacArthur Foundation - Our History](https://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/)
[^27]: [MacArthur Foundation - Our History](https://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/)
[^28]: [MacArthur Foundation - 30 Years PDF](https://www.macfound.org/media/article_pdfs/macarthur_30years.pdf)
[^29]: [MacArthur Foundation - 30 Years PDF](https://www.macfound.org/media/article_pdfs/macarthur_30years.pdf)
[^30]: [Wikipedia - MacArthur Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation)
[^31]: [MacArthur Foundation - New Work](https://www.macfound.org/programs/initiatives/new-work/)
[^32]: [MacArthur Foundation - New Work](https://www.macfound.org/programs/initiatives/new-work/)
[^33]: [WTTW News - MacArthur Foundation increase giving](https://news.wttw.com/2025/02/27/macarthur-foundation-increase-giving-two-years-response-crisis)
[^34]: [MacArthur Foundation - Investments](https://www.macfound.org/about/investments/)
[^35]: [MacArthur Foundation - FAQs](https://www.macfound.org/about/frequently-asked-questions)
[^36]: [MacArthur Foundation - Investments](https://www.macfound.org/about/investments/)
[^37]: [MacArthur Foundation - Investments](https://www.macfound.org/about/investments/)
[^38]: [MacArthur Foundation - Investments](https://www.macfound.org/about/investments/)
[^39]: [MacArthur Foundation - 2022 Audited Financials PDF](https://www.macfound.org/media/article_pdfs/audited-financials-macarthurfoundation-fs-aug23.pdf)
[^40]: [MacArthur Foundation - FAQs](https://www.macfound.org/about/frequently-asked-questions)
[^41]: [MacArthur Foundation - 2023 Audit PDF](https://www.macfound.org/media/financials_pdfs/macarthurfoundation_2023_audit.pdf)
[^42]: [Inside Philanthropy - MacArthur Foundation Grants](https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/find-a-grant/grants-m/macarthur-foundation)
[^43]: [MacArthur Foundation - MACEI](https://www.macfound.org/programs/pastwork/macei/)
[^44]: [MacArthur Foundation - 2023 Audit PDF](https://www.macfound.org/media/financials_pdfs/macarthurfoundation_2023_audit.pdf)
[^45]: [ProPublica - MacArthur Foundation](https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/237093598)
[^46]: [Capital Research - MacArthur Foundation](https://capitalresearch.org/article/the-macarthur-foundation-a-donor-without-a-cause-spawns-a-foundation-with-an-agenda/)
[^47]: [MacArthur Foundation - Programs](https://www.macfound.org/programs/)
[^48]: [MacArthur Foundation - New Work](https://www.macfound.org/programs/initiatives/new-work/)
[^49]: [MacArthur Foundation - Fellows Program](https://www.macfound.org/programs/awards/fellows/)
[^50]: [Commentary Magazine - The MacArthur Mistake](https://www.commentary.org/articles/wooster-martin-morse/the-macarthur-mistake/)
[^51]: [Every Goddamn Day - Flashback 1990](https://www.everygoddamnday.com/2021/10/flashback-1990-grants-tomb-some-say.html)
[^52]: [Every Goddamn Day - Flashback 1990](https://www.everygoddamnday.com/2021/10/flashback-1990-grants-tomb-some-say.html)
[^53]: [The Week - What's a Genius](https://theweek.com/culture/1005474/whats-a-genius)
[^54]: [Philanthropy Daily - Genius Grants](https://philanthropydaily.com/those-unassailable-genius-grants/)
[^55]: [MacArthur Foundation - 100&Change](https://www.macfound.org/programs/awards/100change/)
[^56]: [Wikipedia - MacArthur Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation)
[^57]: [Aspen Institute - Billionaires and Big Givers](https://www.aspeninstitute.org/blog-posts/billionaires-big-givers-and-the-bets-they-make/)
[^58]: [MacArthur Foundation - MacArthur in Chicago 2024](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/macarthur-in-chicago-reflections-on-2024)
[^59]: [MacArthur Foundation - What Directors Learned 2025](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/what-our-directors-learned-from-the-field-in-2025)
[^60]: [MacArthur Foundation - Philanthropy Field Support](https://www.macfound.org/programs/field-support/philanthropy/)
[^61]: [MacArthur Foundation - Philanthropy Grant Guidelines](https://www.macfound.org/programs/field-support/philanthropy/grant-guidelines)
[^62]: [MacArthur Foundation - Research Networks](https://www.macfound.org/programs/pastwork/research-networks/)
[^63]: [MacArthur Foundation - Policy Research](https://www.macfound.org/programs/pastwork/policy_research/)
[^64]: [MacArthur Foundation - Policy Research](https://www.macfound.org/programs/pastwork/policy_research/)
[^65]: [MacArthur Foundation - Policy Research](https://www.macfound.org/programs/pastwork/policy_research/)
[^66]: [MacArthur Foundation - Research Universities Publication](https://www.macfound.org/press/grantee-publications/research-universities-and-future-america)
[^67]: [MacArthur Foundation - Prioritizing Safety and Rights in AI](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/prioritizing-safety-and-rights-in-ai-technology)
[^68]: [MacArthur Foundation - Technology Public Interest Strategy](https://www.macfound.org/programs/field-support/technology-public-interest/strategy)
[^69]: [Humanity AI](https://humanityai.ai)
[^70]: [MacArthur Foundation - Partnership on AI Grantee](https://www.macfound.org/grantee/partnership-on-artificial-intelligence-to-benefit-people-and-society-10114517/)
[^71]: [MacArthur Foundation - Prioritizing Safety and Rights in AI](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/prioritizing-safety-and-rights-in-ai-technology)
[^72]: [Inside Philanthropy - AI Regulation Funding](https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/whos-funding-ai-regulation-and-safety)
[^73]: [MacArthur Foundation - Prioritizing Safety and Rights in AI](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/prioritizing-safety-and-rights-in-ai-technology)
[^74]: [European AI & Society Fund - Funding Landscape Review PDF](https://europeanaifund.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/260623-FOR-PUBLICATION-EAISF-Funding-landscape-review.pdf)
[^75]: [MacArthur Foundation - Measuring Impact of Catalytic Capital](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/measuring-the-impact-of-our-catalytic-capital)
[^76]: [MacArthur Foundation - Relevance Resilience Resolve](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/relevance-resilience-and-resolve-keys-to-impact-at-scale)
[^77]: [MacArthur Foundation - Measuring Impact of Catalytic Capital](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/measuring-the-impact-of-our-catalytic-capital)
[^78]: [MacArthur Foundation - MACEI](https://www.macfound.org/programs/pastwork/macei/)
[^79]: [MacArthur Foundation - MACEI](https://www.macfound.org/programs/pastwork/macei/)
[^80]: [MacArthur Foundation - Nuclear Grantmaking Success](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/reflecting-on-the-origins-and-successes-of-our-nuclear-grantmaking)
[^81]: [MacArthur Foundation - Relevance Resilience Resolve](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/relevance-resilience-and-resolve-keys-to-impact-at-scale)
[^82]: [MacArthur Foundation - Relevance Resilience Resolve](https://www.macfound.org/press/perspectives/relevance-resilience-and-resolve-keys-to-impact-at-scale)
[^83]: [Wikipedia - MacArthur Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation)
[^84]: [The Week - What's a Genius](https://theweek.com/culture/1005474/whats-a-genius)
[^85]: [Capital Research - MacArthur Foundation](https://capitalresearch.org/article/the-macarthur-foundation-a-donor-without-a-cause-spawns-a-foundation-with-an-agenda/)
[^86]: [InfluenceWatch - MacArthur Foundation](https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/john-d-and-catherine-t-macarthur-foundation/)
[^87]: [Capital Research - MacArthur Foundation](https://capitalresearch.org/article/the-macarthur-foundation-a-donor-without-a-cause-spawns-a-foundation-with-an-agenda/)
[^88]: [Master Resource - Foundations Gone Rogue](https://www.masterresource.org/civil-society-foundations/foundations-gone-rogue/)
[^89]: [Capital Research - MacArthur Foundation](https://capitalresearch.org/article/the-macarthur-foundation-a-donor-without-a-cause-spawns-a-foundation-with-an-agenda/)
[^90]: [Capital Research - MacArthur Foundation](https://capitalresearch.org/article/the-macarthur-foundation-a-donor-without-a-cause-spawns-a-foundation-with-an-agenda/)
[^91]: [Capital Research - MacArthur Foundation](https://capitalresearch.org/article/the-macarthur-foundation-a-donor-without-a-cause-spawns-a-foundation-with-an-agenda/)
[^92]: [Capital Research - MacArthur Foundation](https://capitalresearch.org/article/the-macarthur-foundation-a-donor-without-a-cause-spawns-a-foundation-with-an-agenda/)
[^93]: [Hyperallergic - Chicago Case Study](https://hyperallergic.com/in-chicago-a-case-study-in-the-ethics-of-cultural-philanthropy/)
[^94]: [Commentary Magazine - The MacArthur Mistake](https://www.commentary.org/articles/wooster-martin-morse/the-macarthur-mistake/)
[^95]: [The Week - What's a Genius](https://theweek.com/culture/1005474/whats-a-genius)
[^96]: [Philanthropy Daily - Genius Grants](https://philanthropydaily.com/those-unassailable-genius-grants/)
[^97]: [Commentary Magazine - The MacArthur Mistake](https://www.commentary.org/articles/wooster-martin-morse/the-macarthur-mistake/)
[^98]: [Funding for Real Change - MacArthur CFW Case Study](https://www.fundingforrealchange.com/case-study-macarthur-cfw)
[^99]: [Funding for Real Change - MacArthur CFW Case Study](https://www.fundingforrealchange.com/case-study-macarthur-cfw)
[^100]: [Chronicle of Philanthropy - MacArthur SF DA Pitfalls](https://www.philanthropy.com/opinion/macarthur-the-san-francisco-da-and-the-pitfalls-of-funding-government-programs/)
[^101]: [Aspen Institute - Billionaires and Big Givers](https://www.aspeninstitute.org/blog-posts/billionaires-big-givers-and-the-bets-they-make/)
[^102]: [European AI & Society Fund - Funding Landscape Review PDF](https://europeanaifund.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/260623-FOR-PUBLICATION-EAISF-Funding-landscape-review.pdf)